Differences and Comparisons of Ethics Essay

When we think of ethics, we think of two words, good or bad. Through the history of our world, philosophers and scientists have devised several thoughts that include a system that we are able to use to determine who and what is good or bad. As a population, we can use these different terms and types of ethical theory to determine which style, form, or behavior of ethics fits with our beliefs and culture. Some of these different types of theories include virtue theory, utilitarianism, and deontological ethics. Although these all fall into the category of a theory of ethics and may seem to be similar, they are also very different. When looking at the virtue theory of ethics, we can see that the term character can be used in the place of virtue. According to Ben (2007), the virtue theory has roots that reach back to the time of Plato. Plato, and the virtue theory, suggest that all men and women would be happy if they would only grasp the eternal Form of the Good as his or her criterion. In contrast to the virtue theory, the utilitarianism theory suggests that a person present or have behavior of good for the entire team or group. One of the problems associated with this theory according to Boylan (2009) is that for any moral theory to work in a group, the group must first come to some terms of a general agreement. Knowing this and thinking on this statement, there are few times in my life where a team or group of people come together on any idea and agree on its entirety. The deontological theory suggest a contrasting idea to the other two theories, it suggests that there are features within the actions of the individual that determine whether it is right or not. The first theory was about the character of the individual, the second theory was about a group of individuals, this theory involves the actions of a person. The deontological theory also suggests that an individual may believe that good intentions are more important than the results. One personal experience  that comes to mind when writing about these theories. Many years ago, I worked for an electrical contractor, his moral concepts and mine were not the same. His idea of running a business was to bid much lower than any other contractor, when in fact, he did get the job, the work he applied was shoddy and the materials were sub-par. He could not perceive the value of the labor that was performed by his employees, he could have simply bid more per job, paid his employees’ wages tha t fit their position, and used materials that were deemed appropriate. His virtue or company mission statement was; â€Å"get the job done as cheaply as possible†. As a businessman I can realize the importance of saving money and using business sense to achieve business directives, however, purposefully paying employees low wages, using non name brand parts and bidding lower than any other contractor for every job is one ethic that I do not agree with. There are seven general ethical categories used in defining the ethical values and morals people follow. Each category has different subsections and expectations for a person’s behavior. A person’s morals and ethical beliefs develop from a mixture of values from these various theories; therefore he or she does not necessarily fit snugly into one category. The top three ethical theories are deontological, utilitarianism, and virtue-based ethics – these are the theories under examination. Deontological Theory Also known as ‘duty-based’, ‘categorical imperative’, and ‘The Golden Rule’, deontology focuses on â€Å"decisions about what’s right [based] on broad, abstract universal ethical principles or values such as honesty, promise keeping, fairness, loyalty, rights (to safety, privacy, etc.), justice, responsibility, compassion, and respect for human beings and property† (Trevino, 2011, pg. 42). People following this ethical category believe moral principles outline the necessary obligations and duties – principles developed by biblical or religious beliefs and societal or government laws. A deontological person does not worry about the consequences of a decision. Their concerns focus on duty or moral obligations. In a professional capacity, the person follows instructions of managers or supervisors because it is his or her duty to respect authority, even if the instructions are unethical. Utilitarianism Theor y The second most common category of ethical behavior is also known as  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœconsequence-based’ or ‘teleological ethics’. In this category, people focus on decisions that result in the most benefits for the greatest number of people in a society. Utilitarianism ethics applies to much of the decision-making in the business world, as a company exerts an effort to become environmentally responsible and trustworthy. A difficulty that arises with utilitarianism is that the decisions made cannot account for every possibility. This means that the person is â€Å"unlikely to arrive at a completely accurate assessment of all future consequences [and] †¦ the rights of a minority group can easily be sacrificed for the benefit of the majority† (Trevino, 2011, pg. 42). Virtue Ethics Virtue ethics tend to fit in more with the deontological category than with utilitarianism. In this category, the focus is on making good decisions because it reflects the type of person one wants to be. A good person makes good decisions and exerts effort â€Å"to cultivate excellence in all that [they] do and all that others do† (Boylan, 2009, pg. 133). In this category, people take a personalized approach to decision-making that not only accounts for societal expectations but also for how the person wants to be perceived, focusing on the act or decision instead of the consequences. Virtue ethics are beneficial to people working in specialized professional communities. A professional community or organization, such as physicians or lawyers, has a highly developed set of ethical standards. These standards give the members of the community guidelines to follow when trying to be good moral agents. Personal Experience In a gambling casino, deontological values are important. In any position, there are local, state, and federal laws that govern the activities within the casino. State regulations are especially strict on how employees handle money and gambling chips. As a surveillance employee in a local casino, my deontological ethics followed company and state policies. Because of the possible legal ramifications, I chose to place state regulations before company obligations. There were inconsistencies in how management handled money – per state guidelines; documentation was required for every step in the process. Whenever I saw something getting done incompletely or  inappropriately, I documented each instance. After a few weeks of documentation, I discovered that the Washington State Gambling Commission representative had never seen any of the paperwork. This meant that my immediate supervisor and the owners had concealed the paperwork so that the company would not have to make the necessary changes or possibly face fines for improper handling of money. My morals and values caused an ethical dilemma because I knew that the company was following improper procedures but I also knew that informing the representative of the missing paperwork and improper handling practices could cost me my job. I chose to follow the higher level duties and obligations outlined by the state regulations in an effort to prevent the loss of the company. This choice backfired on me in the end – management fired me because I informed the state representative of the issues. Conclusion Each ethical theory has its own rules and expectations. There are sub-levels within each category that creates even more varied options. When a person knows his or her own values and morals, it is easier to identify which ethical category he or she fits into. In this manner, a person is more aware of why he or she makes the decisions he or she does and can see other viewpoints more clearly. There are different types of ethical theories. Ethical theories help to find how a person should act towards another or in a situation. The various types of ethical theories helps people define what is right and what is wrong and how we make those assumptions. Although the three main theories of ethics have the same purpose they are different from one another. The virtue theory is the ethical theory also called character ethics is based on the moral of what is ethical. It is based on personal belief and feeling of character. It â€Å"describes the character of a moral agent as a driving force for ethical behavior, rather than rules (Wikipedia, 2012). Virtue ethics is character based and focuses on helping people develop a better character trait. According to the text (2009), virtue ethics â€Å"take the viewpoint that in living your life you should try to cultivate excellence in all that you do and all that others do. These excellences or virtues are both moral and non-moral.† It deals with the moral character of a person rather than what is the more ethical thing to do or what society expects from them. Utilitarianism states that something is  morally right if it is for the greater good of all. It is most often used in the United States government because of the principle of satisfying everyone. According to Wikipedia (2012), it is the measurement between what is right and wrong without consequence. A utilitarian is a person who puts the need of others before their own. They believe that success is achieved as a whole rather than individually. It is based on factual beliefs where the moral worth is based on the overall outcome. Deontological or â€Å"Duty† ethics is the ethical theory that is based on one’s duty to do the right thing. Deontology states that people act ethically moral because of what is expected from them in a particular situation. For example, at work you are more likely to use deontological ethics in determining how to behave in the workplace. It is because your employer expects for you to follow the code of ethics set forth by the company. It is based on what society expects out of you as a person and a citizen. Voting could be considered to be a deontological ethical decision as well as utilitarianism because even though you may want to vote because of your personal beliefs and character, most people do it because it is necessary and they are expected to do so. It also is for the good of all Americans and if one person fails to vote it can affect the people as a whole. For me this is also a virtue base theory as well because I feel that it is my duty to myself to vote because of how I was raised. I was always taught the importance of voting and the things that can become from voting. The three main ethical theories are the basis of the path to making decisions and how decisions are made. They set the standard for how and why people act the way they do or why and how they make the decisions that they make. It helps to determine what is right and what is wrong and how assumptions are made to come to conclusions. Although the three main ethical theories serve the same purpose of establishing ethical principles (Rainbow, 2002), they differ from one another because they each define different points and differ in a person’s duty to make ethical decisions. Utilitarianism is a consequentialist ethical theory. An action is right or wrong based on its consequences. John Stuart Mill was an important philosopher in developing the idea of utilitarianism. Utilitarianism holds that any action that  results in a greater amount of happiness in the world is a right action and any action that results in pain or less happiness is wrong. Utilitarianism can be divided into di fferent versions. Act utilitarianism is one of the versions of utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism’s goal is to maximize the overall happiness of the universe. Act utilitarianism uses the Greatest Happiness Principle which says in every situation, choose the option that you believe to be most likely to produce the greatest possible happiness or least possible unhappiness for the all people who will be affected. An act utilitarian would determine if robbing a bank is a right action or not by determining how much happiness the robbery would create. To do this he would have to use the hedonistic calculus, which is a way of adding up all the happiness that everyone affected by an action would receive. If the results of this calculation show that the bank managers, the hundreds of investors, and the police would all be unhappy with this action and only the robber and maybe his family would be happy, then robbing the bank is a wrong action. If the bank managers did not care about the customer’s money, the FDIC insured all the stolen money, the police wer e not unhappy because of the robbery, and the robber was extremely happy because he could move to the Caribbean and never work again, then robbing the bank would be a right action. There are many good points to act utilitarianism. It is very appealing because most people want to increase their happiness and reduce their pain. Act utilitarianism says that people could do that and they would not only make everyone happier but they would also be doing what is morally right. Act utilitarians will not have conflicts over any action being right or wrong because the hedonistic calculus is an objective test that proves the amount of please or pain that will result. It is a standard that all actions can be evaluated by. Another point or act utilitarianism that can be seen as an advantage over rule utilitarianism is that each individual situation can have a different action be right. This means that in every situation the right action will provide more happiness or less pain as opposed to rule utilitarianism where the individual situations do not matter. Act utilitarianism also has some disadvantages. One major fault of act utilitarianism is that some actions would produ ce a greater amount of happiness if they were done in secret. The same action, however, would produce less happiness if it were done in public. That means that the exact  same action and situation would be right if no one knew about it but wrong if enough people were aware of it. If people know about an action and believe it is wrong, then wouldn’t it be just as wrong if no one knew about it? The action would still have the same affect on the same amount of people, they just would not know about, so they could not be unhappy about it. Act utilitarianism can also seem unjust because the hedonistic calculus may say that it is right to take away the rights of a person because it will contribute to the overall happiness in the universe. Act utilitarianism would say an action producing pain for a small number of innocent people is right as long as the rest of the world is happy about it. Another problem is the feelings of a person are disregarded; only the consequences are important. Some other problems with act utilitarianism are if a person has never experienced a similar situation, then they will be unable to perform the hedonistic calculus because they will not know if people will be happy or not. It also may not be possible to compare the different people’s happiness. Act Utilitarianism has many problems. If everyone acted according to act utilitarianism, then the majority or people would probably be happier. But morally correct actions do not necessarily have to make people happy, so act utilitarianism might not be a good way to determine if an action is really right or wrong. References 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River NJ 07458 The Legal Environment of Business: A Crititical Thinking Approach 4th Edition Nancy K. Kumasek, Bartley ABrennanm M. Neil Browne, Bowiling Green University 2009 Oxford University Press Business Ethics and Ethical Business Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame New York /Oxford 2011 SAGE Publications, Inc Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility: Stakeholders in a Global Environment 2nd Edition William B Werther Jr(University of Miami) and David Chandler (University of Texas at Austin) 2013 South-Western CENGAGE Learning Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases 9th Edition O. C. Ferrell, John Fraedrich and Linda Ferrell Mason, Ohio

Organizational Ethics Essay

My intent in writing this paper is to describe how ethical principles can address organizational issues. The organization that I have chosen to explore is the Boeing Company specifically and the aerospace manufacturing industry as a whole, more generally. I will cover the role that external social pressures play in influencing the industry in both their compliance with government and professional ethics. I will also endeavor to highlight how the pressures brought to bear on the industry by the public and the government is relevant to their decisions both corporately and individually by their employees. Finally, I will share my thoughts on the relationship between legal and ethical issues with regard to the industry. To begin then, let’s explore what role external social pressures have in influencing the Boeing Company and by extension, the aerospace industry’s organizational ethics. The level of trust that must be present by the public in the company that builds the airplane they fly in is best described in the words of the Boeing employee code of conduct â€Å"†¦must not engage in conduct or activity that may raise questions as to the company’s honesty, impartiality, or reputation or otherwise cause embarrassment to the company.† (Boeing, 2014) Boeing and the entire aerospace industry are hyper aware of their image and the perceptions of the flying public. When social pressure is brought to bear the entire industry takes notice and works to renew and enhance the public’s trust. For example, last year Boeing experienced a public relations nightmare when their new 787 Dreamliner aircraft experienced problems with Lithium Ion Batteries. An aircraft caught fire while waiting to be refueled and prepared for its next use. When news of the incident became known it was received with widespread fear and seeded mistrust of the airframe in the pu blic, in the airline customer and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The entire 787 worldwide fleet was grounded until resolution could be  made to ensure public and aircraft safety. The speed with which Boeing and the FAA dealt with the problem shows beyond any doubt that social pressure influences Boeing and the entire aerospace industry. Aerospace companies are constantly working to keep and enhance the trust of the public and to remain in compliance with the strictest government standards. The Core Values of the Boeing Company are Integrity, Quality, Safety, Diversity and Inclusion, Trust and Respect, Corporate Citizenship and finally Stakeholder Success. (Boeing, 2014) It is interesting to me that stakeholder success is the last item on the list. Boeing sees their public owners as being lowest on their corporate priority list with regard to ethics. In other words they see the need to be ethical as higher than being profitable. The need to be perceived in the public arena as ethical and trustworthy while also remaining in compliance with very lofty government standards demonstrates how Boeing and the aerospace industry strive to perform at a level which helps to mitigate the need for public or social pressure to influence their decisions. The issues the aerospace industry routinely deals with remain relevant and continually influence the decisions made and direct the way the companies involved expect their employee’s personal decisions to be made. Everything Boeing and its employees do have the potential to impact the public trust. In a broader sense the organizational ethics of the aerospace industry are determined by multiple factors. As already mentioned the flying public’s trust is a major factor but added to that are the airlines which operate the aircraft, the government agencies who retain oversight on the industry as a whole and the corporate citizens who build the aircraft. A great deal of effort goes into ensuring each of these levels of influence are balanced and mesh as seamlessly as possible with the core values mentioned above. As I have discovered, the aerospace industry is heavily influenced by many government agencies. Through regulation and legislation these agencies impact the aerospace industry’s relationship with both the public and its stakeholders. The relationship which exists between these entities creates in many instances a legally mandated set of codes which govern the way the aerospace industry conducts business. In the United States the FAA has the ability and, arguably, the responsibility to mandate that certain rules and standards are met in the construction and operation of airplanes. Whether the airplanes are used to transport the flying public  or are designated experimental and only flown under strictly controlled circumstances makes no difference. The ability of a government agency to enforce rules or a code at a level as invasive as exists in the entire aerospace industry creates a question of whether the ethics embraced by the aerospace industry would be at the level they currently enjoy if the amount of regulation was not the same. In a more direct fashion the question then begs itself; given the influences of the public, the airline operators, and the government agencies with oversight, is the aerospace industry as a whole independently ethically responsible or are they forced to be so? When I attempted to determine if there is a clear definition of what ethically responsible means I fell short. The definition is subjective at best and invariably indistinct. I can therefore only use my personal definition to gage what I can research and see for myself to make a determination much as you the reader must do. As I stated my intent in writing this paper was to describe how ethical principles can address organizational issues. Strictly speaking, I may have drifted afield of a clear presentation of that description. However, the role that external social pressures play in influencing the aerospace industry in both compliance with government and professional ethics was demonstrated throughout as well as how the pressures brought to bear on the industry by the public and government is relevant to their decisions both corporately and individually by their employees. Last but certainly not least, I sought to determine the relationship between legal and ethical issues in reference to the aerospace industry which left me with an unanswered and perhaps unanswerable question. Works Cited Boeing Company. (2014). Boeing.com. Retrieved Dec 1, 2014, from Boeing Ethic Home Page: http://www.boeing.com/boeing/companyoffices/aboutus/ethics/

Reflective report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Reflective report - Essay Example Lighting system creates important mood within each scene. For example, a green and somber soft light is used to present not dangerous and fearful scenes, but melancholic and depressing. Time slot may affect quality of the show since it leaves audience in much suspense. Since the film is a story on one of the great countries of the world, it will attract and appeal to a wide demographic of consumers from all walks of life, the young and the old alike. Genre as used in the films assists in limiting the scope of the film for the audience, writer and director of the programs. As used in tagline, each genre has unique elements capable of making distinctive from others such as story line, setting, characterization, style, star actors, and creative devices like action sequences. Such cases present elements of genre that requires repetitive presentations for familiarization to be established. There is an element of creating certain dispositions within audience minds whenever they view it. The program concept is extraordinary, which is one of the main things that create some sense of uniqueness (Wright, 2002). The program acts as one of the most desired examples, since the program content represents actual masterpiece sorted after by viewers. The program reveals some level of relevance based on general life hence keeps the audience entertained through various humorous instances. Several scenes used in the program utilize great set of aesthetics connecting perfectly with appropriate mood and feeling. Various technologies should be considered in such scenarios where director should be familiar with programs and scripts presented. Emphasis should be on nature of casting utilized. There is also issue on editing which should be of high quality as well. Issue on video transitions requires attention to ensure complete flow across the scenes. Few programs are known to be capable

Globalization and Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Globalization and Technology - Essay Example Economic globalization or integration has elicited mixed reactions due to the wide-ranging impacts that it has on the world economy. Despite the known advantages of globalization, this trend has also been opposed due to the negative consequences that it has on the world economy. Those who have supported economic or financial integration of countries have pointed out the benefits of this trend to support their claims. The first advantage of globalization on the economy is that this trend results in the creation of global markets. Bordo, Taylorand Williamson, says that through the merging of the different world markets, a wider global market has been created (Bordo, Taylor and Williamson 31). Globalization has led to the widening and liberalization of the market. This has occurred through the removal of the trade barriers that historically existed. These trade barriers prevented businesses from operating outside their domestic markets. Various corporations have exploited the expanded global market through various internalization strategies such as foreign direct investments and through exporting. This has allowed the businesses to increase their income and profits. Globalization has resulted in a much freer trade between the world countries, which has allowed domestic industries to access the international market. The access to the international market has also allowed these local companies to come up with new products and technologies that are needed and acceptable in the global market. Held however disputes this by indicating that the entry of new companies and businesses to new markets has negatively impacted on the domestic companies (Held 20). When new businesses and multinationals cross the border to exploit the global market, they bring very stiff competition to the local businesses. The competition at times reduces the level of sales of the local and domestic products. This is said to discourage the coming up and growth of the domestic

Problem at China Airlines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Problem at China Airlines - Essay Example This paper stresses that CAL has continuously faced different challenges within the Chinese market relating to political, social, economic as well as technological aspects that drastically affected in its overall performance. In accordance with the case study, it has been viewed that the organisation successfully performed its various business operations by offering superior services to the customers in its different operating areas. In this regard, the organisation has adopted an effective strategy during the year 1995 in terms of procuring 15 numbers of advanced Boeing 737 medium-haul jets for expanding its businesses. This essay declares that the political disturbances have been witnessed as one of the major difficulties for CAL while conducting its business operations. The political association between Taiwan and Mainland China has been observed to be quite strained because of the growing disputes concerning political status of Taiwan. The political problems between Taiwan and China have drastically affected the airlines business of CAL because the Chinese tourists are allowed to visit Taiwan in a group but they are not allowed to visit individually. In addition, the cargo transhipment service was also restricted between these two countries that also affected the business operations of CAL at large. Due to political disturbances, CAL and other Taiwanese airlines had changed its international flight route via southern region by connecting Southeast Asia and Middle East countries that ultimately emerged major difficulties for CAL.... In this regard, the organisation has adopted an effective strategy during the year 1995 in terms of procuring 15 numbers of advanced Boeing 737 medium-haul jets for expanding its businesses (Samanta & Faheem, 2010). Question 1) Macro-Level Issues The different macro level issues that faced by CAL can be understood by conducting a detailed environmental analysis based on PEST framework. PEST Analysis PEST analysis is regarded to be an important analytical model for an organization that assists to identify different circumstances concerning social, political, economic as well as technological factors (Lorat, 2009). Political Factors The political disturbances have been witnessed as one of the major difficulties for CAL while conducting its business operations. The political association between Taiwan and Mainland China has been observed to be quite strained because of the growing disputes concerning political status of Taiwan. The political problems between Taiwan and China have drasti cally affected the airlines business of CAL because the Chinese tourists are allowed to visit Taiwan in a group but they are not allowed to visit individually. In addition, the cargo transhipment service was also restricted between these two countries that also affected the business operations of CAL at large. Due to political disturbances, CAL and other Taiwanese airlines had changed its international flight route via southern region by connecting Southeast Asia and Middle East countries that ultimately emerged major difficulties for CAL (Samanta & Faheem, 2010). In this regard, it has apparently observed that the association between Taiwan and China remained quite strained because of the disagreement concerning political

How Management Teams Can Have a Good Fight Article

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Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Media - Essay Example They target almost everyone. In the recent past, advertisers have tremendously shifted their focus to children. Eric Schlosser’s through his article tries to bring to our attention how today child advertising is in high note through the various tactics marketers and advertisers are using to get today children to always want and thus in that context demand for their products (Schlosser 356). Eric brings to our attention that advertisers know that if the children saw their advertisement and which are appealing to them, they will with no doubt nag their parent to get the products for them. Again, through the article, we find how advertisers have begun using catching songs and cartoon characters to attract children. Today’s young generation have changed tremendously through media especially through advertisements, as observed by Eric Schlosser’s essay, today even products that young children at their tender age, who are not allowed to access some products such as cig arettes, companies are still coming with ways of developing unique advertisements that are aimed at targeting the children. These companies intelligently achieve this by changing the packaging around these products and go a step further to ensure that they develop iconic symbols on these products so that the children will recognize them even in future. This, they do putting in mind that even though the children will not necessarily access this at young age they will with no doubt remember them from the same advertisements they saw years ago when they were still young. Clearly it is with no doubt that that media has more negatives than positives effects on today’s young people. As a matter of fact, it is in my opinion that media has a tremendously negatives effects on our young children (Johnson 2011). From the article â€Å"Television: The Plug-In Drug† by Marie Winn, we find that today, the television has invaded most family both in known and unknown territories. This is characterized with wake up, go to school, watch television and thereafter retire to bed and this is the pattern in many families today. Almost every family today has a television set on their household and this has led many families dynamic to suffer. Watching television has clearly become the norm in almost every family today and this is leading to loss of touch such the quality of sharing a meal together, going out on holiday and vacations (Winn 457). Television has unknowingly eliminated most of the individuality enjoyed aspect of families and has in turn managed to create a boring uniformity, which is experienced with all families that watches the television. Television also affects how today’s children communicate with other people in the society, it’s evident that a child who spend his/her all day indoors watching television will have difficulties in maintaining eye conducts, and even of great concern failure to maintain conversations and even trust the same people in the society. I strongly believe that in today’s world the media is changing our young people, the family as a whole and even culture and more so education. As observed from Marie Winn’s article, television is invading many families; it is interfering with our today’s culture and eroding most of the family’s rituals in a faster way. Today television denies the families an opportunity to share their daily experiences and in return build their

Vogue female magazines Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Vogue female magazines - Research Paper Example The primary objective of this research is to take advantage of my background in public relations, organization communication, international marketing and advertising to pursue an in depth research in the customer loyalty aspect of the Chinese Edition of the popular Vogue Female Magazine. As we know that a magazine is a periodical publication containing articles, photographs, advertisements and other features that primarily relies on advertisement and sales to accrue revenues. Thus customer loyalty is an aspect of business that is of cardinal importance, so far as assessing and assuring the profitability in a publishing business is concerned.On the accomplishment of a Masters degree in International Management from Loughborough University, I realized that I am immensely interested in the marketing issues associated with customer loyalty and retention. So in this research I intend to combine the knowledge I gained while pursuing my Masters and Bachelor degree to conduct an in depth and thorough research on the customer loyalty and retention issues faced by the International Chinese Edition of the popular Vogue Magazine. All the relevant data will be collected through return mail (on paper or through website), questionnaires and sales figures, which will aid in the sorting out and study of issues associated with the customer loyalty aspect of the publication under consideration. If this research turns out to be successful, it will serve as a rich source of reference for many foreign publishing companies. that are interested in entering the Chinese speaking market so as to enhance their global market share. After all Chinese is the second most spoken language in the world and the Chinese magazine market has a vast potential and scope that can be exploited by the foreign magazine companies. I would specially like to mention that while pursuing my Bachelors degree I not only achieved a high score of 87 in the 'Research Methods' course, but also finished a dissertatio n that was published in the Shi Hsin University's Journal of Graphic Communication and Technology. The topic that I choose for this dissertation was 'A Study of International Chinese Edition of Vogue Female Magazines' Market Segmentation and Positioning'. I preferred to join the Manchester Business School because I am particularly interested in the practical aspects of the business theories and dogmas and the Manchester Business School is an institution that believes in transcending the barriers between theory and practice so as to arm it's students with the right knowledge that will go a long way in ensuring that they become the business elite of the future (Manchester Business School, 2008). Manchester Business School is an institution that is committed to research (Manchester Business School, 2008). I am confident that the topic selected by me fits well into the priorities of the Marketing and Research Centre and Marketing Research Cohort at the

Institutional Racism and Racial Discrimination in the U.S. Health Care System Essay Example for Free

Institutional Racism and Racial Discrimination in the U.S. Health Care System Essay Institutional racism and racial discrimination in the U.S. health care system has been part of a long continuum dating back over 400 years. After hundreds of years of active discrimination, efforts were made to admit minorities into the mainstream health system but these efforts were flawed. Colin Gordon in his book Dead on Arrival portrays a very strong stance towards this issue when he states, â€Å"The American welfare state has always been, at root, a Jim Crow welfare state – disdainful of citizenship claims of racial minorities, deferential to a southern-controlled Congress, and leery of the racial implications of universal social programs† (172). It is evident that throughout the history of U.S. health care that race has shaped health provisions in a number of ways, most noticeably in private and public health care institutions. Gordon throughout his books discusses the ways in which institutional racism, specifically in the field of healthcare, has manifested itself throughout history. One of the most prominent manifestations of institutional racism in the healthcare field comes to light when examining past (and sometimes present) policies regarding admission (to healthcare facilities) and discrimination of minorities. It is evident when observing the adoption, administration, and implementation of these policies in the past that they were purposefully constructed to be exclusive of minority citizens (specifically African Americans and Latinos). Gordon gives an example of such policies in 1939 under the Social Security reforms. In the formative years of the New Deal southerners in Congress pushed for and won for the exclusion of agricultural and domestic labor from coverage under the National Recovery, Agricultural Adjustment, Social Security, National Labor Relations, and Fair Labor Standards act, this affectively excluded 90 percent of the southern black workforce (185). The implications of this act of agricultural exclusion are most clearly evident in the South and Southwest—regions whose economies were dominated by agriculture, who agriculture systems were peculiarly labor intensive, and whose agricultural labor markets were organized around low wages, tenancy, harsh legal controls, and violence. Gordon argues that segregation  persisted in medicine and hospitals longer than in any other public institution or facility partly due to the fact that Southern Congressmen pushed for local control of any federal expenditure; and later on this pushed Southern and Southwestern leaders into a partnership with doctors, employers, and insurers to keep racial minorities excluded from the health system. Southern interests led to a push for job-based private insurance, locally administered subsidies for hospital construction, and penurious charitable programs for those left behind, â€Å"southerners persistently worked to exclude African Americans from coverage, tap into federal funds without sacrificing local practices, and ensure that charity programs remained under local control† (174). Employment-based benefits, initially developed as a surrogate for national policy, was successful in leaving behind the majority of African Americans and Latinos due to the fact that they were grossly underrepresented in the unionized industrial economy, and in part because benefits such as these did not extend to casual or domestic or agricultural workers. Private health benefits came to be looked upon by many Americans as a â€Å"wage of white-ness† (176). Federal agencies, both out of practical and political necessity, consistently surrendered control over federal funds and standards over to state and local administration, â€Å"states set their own standards for care and eligibility and controlled the pace and scope of federal matching funds. Local political and medical authorities wielded considerable informal power and discretion† (187). In 1948 the Brookings Institution published a book-length assault on health reform. The conclusion of this publication was that higher black mortality rates are â€Å"predominately the result of economic, cultural and social differences† although, the research for this publication based cost estimates off of the ordinary expenditures of white families and confined comparative mortality rates to the white population, this led to them to conclude that the United States was among one of the most healthful nations in the world (188). Seconding this conclusion and also asserting that higher rates of non-white mortality were due to such things as poor sanitation, housing, education, and the lack of ordinary individual and community common sense was the AMA. The partnership between these two organizations is evident. At the root of the hospital issue in the South was not only professional and patient segregation but also the way in which it was countenanced by federal efforts  to address the region’s dearth of facilities. What is shown here is the long-standing political strategy to try and appease reformers by granting federal funds but to simultaneously placate opponents by relinquishing control to local or private interests; federal aid to hospitals both in 1940 and under the 1946 Hill-Burton Act â€Å"avoided any commitment to maintenance: once built, hospitals would reflect local control and local custom† (193). This however did nothing to prevent segregation seeing as in order to be considered nondiscriminatory a hospital was only required to grant equal access to the portion of the hospital that was built with federal funds. Perhaps the most compelling public health issue during the formative years of the American welfare state was the dismal status of rural services. In places in the South and Southwest and the nation’s inner cities basic services such as a hospital, public health clinic, and a doctor accepting Medicaid patients did not even exist. Gordon offers the example in Mississippi in 1948, there were only five general hospital beds for every 100,000 blacks in the state—at a time when four beds for every 1,000 citizens was considered adequate (175). It is evident that health care in the twentieth century has been shaped by a myriad of â€Å"direct and indirect discrimination, strong southern interests and local administration, the uneasy intersection of public and private (job-based) benefits, and the sharp political distinctions routinely drawn between contributory and charitable programs† (209). According to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Despite the existence of civil rights legislation equal treatment and equal access are not a reality for racial/ethnic minorities and women in the current climate of the health care industry. Many barriers limit both the quality of health care and utilization for these groups, including discrimination. Importance of Health Care Access to comprehensive, quality health care services is important for the achievement of health equity and for increasing the quality of a healthy life for everyone. Access to health services entails the timely utilization of personal health services in an effort to achieve the best possible health outcomes. The utilization of and access to health care has many substantial impacts on a person’s life. A person’s overall physical, social and mental health statuses are all impacted by the ability to be examined and treated by a medical professional. Health care also plays a significant role in the prevention of disease and disability, the detection and treatment of health conditions and a person’s quality of life. A structured healthcare system assists in providing a foundation for a healthy lifestyle for both individuals and their families. Without access to healthcare, minor health issues have the potential to escalate either permanently affecting living standards or worse resulting in death. The health care sector also has an impact on the local economy. Health care facilities such as hospitals and nursing homes provide jobs and income to people in the community. As these employees spend their income in the community, a ripple spreads throughout the economy, creating additional jobs and income in other economic sectors. Also, providing healthcare may also be a business incentive to companies. Healthy employees can mean a healthier, happier, more productive workplace. A company’s decision to invest in and offer health care to their employees not only filters back into the economy but also may help them to recruit and retain quality employees, improve employee satisfaction, and reduce absenteeism due to sickness. Business that offer health insurance as part of their employee benefits package are probably better able to attract more qualified applicants than those who dont. Also, offering health insurance coverage is a way of keeping operating costs low, because employees are generally more apt to take a position at a lower salary when health insurance benefits are provided. This is because it generally costs more for someone to obtain an individual or family health insurance policy than to get employer-sponsored coverage, making the difference of a lower salary negotiable. Businesses offering health insurance can deduct their portion of the contribution toward their employee plan as a business expense and get a tax advantage. If the business is incorporated, the business owners insurance and the coverage paid for employees are deductible. Access to health care services and insurance plays a vital role in individual and families lives along side society as a whole.

American poet Jack Kerouac Essay Example for Free

American poet Jack Kerouac Essay American poet Jack Kerouac has been classified as the originator of the Beat Generation. He is known for his spontaneous confessional style, as well as his connection to Buddhism, Allen Ginsberg, and American self actualization. His rejection of mainstream 1950’s society is his trademark, and the core ideal behind the beat-nick culture he helped spawn. Jack Kerouac was born Jean-Louis Lebris de Kerouac, to French-Canadian parents, in Lowell, Massachusetts. Kerouac was raised fluent in French, and didn’t start learning English until he was six years old. While attending Boston College and Columbia University, he demonstrated extraordinary athletic ability in the game of football, until he broke his leg. After losing his football scholarship, Keroauc moved to New York. There he met the makeup of the group that would later be known as The Beat Generation poets. This group consisted of: John Clellon Holmes, Allen Ginsberg, Neal Cassady, William S. Burroughs and Herbert Huncke. He left the company of these men to join the United States Navy in 1943, from which he was discharged during WWII, for the psychiatric measure of having an indifferent disposition. This is suspected by many to be the spark that inspired him to write his first work The Town and City, as well as On The Road. Many of Kerouac’s works were often rejected upon first submission to publishers. He was often overlooked, due to his experimental style, and socially conscious views. Not to forget, his excessive tendency towards drinking. This obsession with alcoholism is eventually the cause of his death in 1969, when he dies of internal hemorrhaging due to cirrhosis. Jack Kerouac has a very distinct and original style. Upon first evaluation of his style, his work might be deemed as cliche, or showy self loathing libation; but it must be remembered that, Kerouac was one of the first to adopt his free flowing form of poetry. He is also noted for connecting his poetry to the beat-nick poets. Kerouac is most commonly referred to as the King of the Beats and the Father of the Hippies. This is largely due with the fact that his poetry is most immediately inspired by Jazz music, specifically bebop by Thelonius Monk, Dizzy Gillespie, and Charlie Parker. He compiled this Jazz influence with a love of Buddhist studies, specifically Gary Snyder. The name he dubbed his new found form is Spontaneous Prose. It is often compared to the literary technique known as stream of consciousness, which is often deemed as a literary mirror of a writer’s thought process. While writing, Kerouac took the first thought or line that came to his mind and went with it. This technique is most recognizable in his novels Visions of Cody, Big Sur, Visions of Gerard, On the Road, and The Subterraneans. The core concept this method revolved around is a breathing technique very similar to that of Jazz, or Buddhist meditation. It is most evidently represented by a dash mark in place of a period. The practice of improvising words based on implied or inherently inferred meanings was another aspect of Spontaneous Prose. . The core concept this method revolved around is a breathing technique very similar to that of Jazz, or Buddhist meditation. In his statement on Belief Technique For Modern Prose, in his top five pieces of advice Kerouac says, 1. Scribble secret notebooks, and wild typewritten pages, for yr own joy 2. Submissive to everything, open, listening 3. Try never get drunk outside yr own house 4. Be in love with yr life 5. Something that you feel will find its own form (Kerouac) This is more the literary technique of an experimental thinker than actual literary scholar, or poet, during this era. Despite this, his style later becomes the format taught to most contemporary writers aspiring to be professional. Kerouac never really edited his poetry. In fact, the majority of his work was edited by fellow Beat Generation pioneer Donald Merriam Allen, who also served as an editor for Ginsberg. Acclaimed photographer Robert Frank made a short film personifying many Beat ideals called Pull My Daisy, in which Kerouac is scene reading his work in the films opening. The film itself is also based a play written by Kerouac. The Beat Generation is an uprising that formed mostly on some of America’s best-known college campuses in the mid to late 50’s. It influenced students in the early 60’s to seek hard hitting answers to some of the complex questions posed to their generation. Addressing ideas like the coexistence of wealth and poverty, along side with racial prejudice resulted in the beat-nicks forming what would be considered the American New Left. An example of this is the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS); which founded at the University of Michigan in 1960, it became one of the key organizations formed in reaction to Beat ideals. The core belief of this student body was that Americans should practice direct democracy as apposed to representative democracy. This stemmed largely from the strict nature of Universities during that time in which students felt they were just numbers in a system dictating their existence. These students were also known for being supporters of the Black Power movement. These groups are also historic for being the most visible resource for developing protests against the Vietnam War. This New Left was the child that the Beat Generation gave birth to, and its influence on American culture can be credited for many of the sociological changes in our society today. Jack Kerouac, along with the rest of the beat-nick poets, can be credited as well. They were the flame that sparked this generational chain reaction. In sum, when I read Kerouac’s work, I can’t help but notice that many ways his style has been adopted by American culture. The ideal of the creative minded young artist bathing in libation and pondering death and social inadequacies is the main image adopted by the majority of Rock n Roll groups today. The majority of these bands probably don’t even know of Jack Kerouac. I’m not saying he was the first poet, or artist, to get drunk and create; but, I do acknowledge the ability of his free will to inspire so many others around him to create the cause to social change. He is pioneer and a leader, because he is fallowed beyond the grave. Work Cited Anderson, James C. Robert Frank. Microsoft Encarta 2006 [CD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2005. Jack Kerouac. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 30 Jan 2007, 22:03 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2 Feb 2007 http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Kerouacoldid=104426491

It is important to diferentiate between capital expenditure and revenue expenditure

It is important to diferentiate between capital expenditure and revenue expenditure Fixed Asset is last longer and not for resale. For example is premises, motor vehicles, machinery, and fixtures and fittings. Current Asset is liquid and bought for resale. For example is cash in hand, cash at bank, stock and debtor. i) Business entity concept is the affairs of a business are to be treated as being quite separate from the non-business activities of its owners. Example is the figure for fixed assets includes a camera that the owner of the business has bought for his own use. Accrual concept is concerned with the different between cash receipts and cash expenditure (actual payments and receipts of money for items) and revenue and expenditure. It states that items should be recorded when used and not when paid for. Example is a bill for electricity was received in the lost financial year but has been recorded in the current year as payment was only made recently. Going Concern Concept is it implies that the business will continue to operate for the foreseeable future. Example: the assumption should not be made are: If the business is going to close down in the near future Where shortage of cash makes it almost certain that the business will have to cease trading Business have to close down because of shortage of cash The term is about to close down as the owner is retiring the accounts have not been altered. Consistency concept is each firm should try to choose the methods which give the most reliable picture of the business. Example is the method used for calculating stock has been changed from LIFO to FIFO to overage cost. i) Capital expenditure is made when a firm spends money either to: Buy fixed assets, or Add to the value of an existing fixed asset. Included in such amounts should be those spent on: Acquiring fixed assets. Bringing them into the firm. Legal costs of buying buildings. Carriage inwards on machinery bought. Any other cost needed to get the fixed asset ready for use. Revenue expenditure is expenditure which is not for increasing the value fixed assets, but for running the business on a day-to-day basis, is known as revenue expenditure. The difference between revenue and capital expenditure can be seen clearly with the total cost of using a motor van for a firm. To buy a motor van is capital expenditure. The motor van will be in use for several years and is, therefore, a fixed asset. To pay for petrol to use in the motor van for the next few days is revenue expenditure. This is because the expenditure is used up in a few days and does not add to the value of fixed assets. Revenue expenditure is treated to expenses and they will posted to Income statement. Capital expenditure is treated to fixed assets and transact to Balance sheet. Difference between capital and revenue expenditure Expenditure Type of Expenditure 1. Buying motor van Capital 2. Petrol costs for motor van Revenue 3. Repairs to motor van Revenue 4. Putting extra headlights on motor van Capital 5. Buying machinery Capital 6. Electricity cost of using machinery Revenue 7. We spent RM 1,500 on machinery. RM 1,000 was for an item added to the machine: RM500 for repairs Capital RM1,000 Revenue RM 500 8. Painting outside of new building Capital 9. Three years later- repainting outside of building in (8) Revenue d) Reducing balance method Cost price 1 year Cost = RM 100,000 % = 10% 2005 Cost = 100,000 X 10% = 10000 X 7/12= 5833 100,000 5833 = 94167 2006 Cost = 94167 X 10% = 94167 X 7/12 = 5493 94167 5493 = 88674 e) i) Relevance is one more factors that must be present in the information for it to be useful. Information that is not relevant is considered as a waste of valuable time in decision making. ii) Reliability is the right decision based on a set of financial information would also depend on the reliability of the information. In the context, self generated information is considered to be the most reliable as compared to information gather by third parties. The user must be able to depend on the truthfulness of the information. iii) Comparability is procedures and practices should remain the same across time and reports, if difference is occurs they should be due to substantive differences in the events and conditions reported rather than arbitrarily implemented practices or procedures for data collection. iv) Understandability is information should be simple but not over simplified. Explanations and interpretations should be included where necessary. Understandability of information is governed by user characteristics and characteristics of information provided. Understandability may be relating to a particular decision makes. i) Share holder ii) Manager iii) Bank iv) Government v) Creditor QUESTION 2 You have been supplied with the following balances for Betsy Li, a sole trader, for the year ended 31 December 2009: RM Property at cost 140,000 Equipment at cost 70,000 Provision for depreciation at 01/01/09: Property 4,200 Equipment 17,500 Purchases 385,000 Sales 592,000 Stock at 01/01/09 17,400 Discount allowed 14,000 Discount received 1,900 Returns outward 17,600 Wages and salaries 43,400 Creditors 28,500 Debtors 15,800 Bank overdraft 2,900 Cash in hand 520 Drawings 17,950 Provision for bad debts at 01/01/09 200 General expenses 11,400 Long term loan 20,000 Capital at 01/01/09 30,670 The following adjustments need to be taken into account: Stock at 31/12/09 is $21,600 Wages and salaries outstanding at 31/12/09 are $4,,100 General expenses includes a prepayment for rates of $1,000 The provision for bad debts needs increasing to $280 Depreciation for the year has still to be provided as follow: Property 1.5% per year using the straight line method Equipment 25% per year using the reducing balance method Loan interest of $2,000 is outstanding Required: a) Prepare a trial balance for Betsy Li as at 31 December 2009. (10 marks) b) Prepare the Income Statement and Balance Sheet for Betsy Li for the period ending 31 December 2009. (15 marks) ANSWER QUESTION 2 Trial Balance at 31 December 2009 Property 140,000 Equipment at cost 70,000 Property 4,200 Equipment 17,500 Purchases 385,000 Sales 592,000 Stock 174,00 Discount allowed 14,000 Discount received 1,900 Return outward 17,600 Wages and salaries 43,400 Creditors 28,500 Debtors 15,800 Bank overdraft 2,900 Cash in hand 520 Drawings 17,950 Provision for bad debts 200 General expenses 11,400 Long term loan 20,000 Capital 30,670 715470 715470 Income statement for Betsy Li for the year ending 31 December 2009 Sales 592,000 592,000 less) Cost of good sales Opening stock 17,400 Purchase 385,000 less) Return outwards (17,600) 367,400 Net purchase 384,800 less) Closing stock (21,600) (363,200) Gross profit 228,800 add) Revenue Discount received 1,900 230,700 less) Expenses Discount allowed 14,000 Wages and salaries (43,400+4,100) 47,500 General expenses (11,400-1000) 10400 i) Provision for depreciation = Property at cost 2,100 ii) = Equipment at cost 13,125 iii) Provision for doubtful dept 80 Loan interest 2,000 (89205) Net profit 141,495 140,000 X 1.5% = 2100 70,000 17,500 = 52,500 X 25% = 13,125 iii) Provision for bad debts Balance b/d 280 Balance b/d 280 Income statement 80 280 280 Cost Accumulated Depreciation Fixed assets Property 140,000 6,300 133,700 Equipment 70,000 30,625 39,375 173075 Current assets Stock 21,600 Debtor 15,800 Provision for bad debt (280) 15,520 General expenses prepayment 1000 38,640 Current liability Creditor 28,500 Bank overdraft 2900 Wages and salaries outstanding 4,100 Loan interest outstanding 2000 (37,500) 1,140 174,215 Financed by Capital 30,670 add) Net Profit 141,495 172,165 less) Drawing (17,950) 154,215 Non-current liabilities Long term loan 20,000 174,215

A Mans versus a Womans Mind in Ernest Hemingways Up in Michigan :: essays research papers

The difference between a man’s and a woman’s mind, in Ernest Hemingway’s Up in Michigan Many of the narrative strategies Hemingway applied to his war stories in In Our Time he had already practiced or applied in earlier stories not concerned specifically with the war. One such is "Up In Michigan", which Hemingway had originally intended as the first story of In Our Time, but had to exclude because of its controversial presentation of sexual relationships. From his mother to his sisters to his four wives, Hemingway could not help being influenced by the strong, cultured women who surrounded him all his life. We notice, right from the beginning of his life, that Ernest Hemingway was confronted to two opposite ways of thinking, the Manly way, and the Woman way. This will be an important point in his writing and in his personal life, he will show a great interest in this opposition of thinking. In this short story, Hemingway uses simple words, which turn out to become a complex analysis of the male and female minds. With this style of writing, he will show us how different the two sexes’ minds work, by confronting them to each other in a way that we can easily capture their different ways of working. The scene in which the characters are set in is simple, and by the use of the simplicity of the words and of the setting, he is able to put us in-front of this dilemma, he will put us in front of a situation, and we will see it in both sexes point of view, which will lead us to the fundamental question, why are our minds so different? Hemingway can be seen as a women's man, he was attracted to women, and marriage did not prevent him from having affairs. Whatever his life was, one of the main themes in his writing remained his determination to understand the difference between the two genders. This difference always mattered in his texts, as we will see in this short story, written by Hemingway, â€Å"Up In Michigan†. In this story, Hemingway tries to tell the story in the way he thinks a woman would see and live it, during the story, he will alternate the two point of views, the man’s (Jim), and the woman’s (Liz), and he will end the story on Liz’s view.

Relationships in Potoks The Chosen Essay -- Potok The Chosen Relation

In The Chosen, Potok describes the Jewish culture during the period of World War I. Beginning with the affluence of Polish Jews before the war, Potok established a circle of relationships. In the book, there are three main relationships. The first one is father-son, between Danny and his father, Reb Saunders and between Reuven and his father, David Malter. The relationship between Reuven and Danny is the second main relationship in The Chosen. The third main relationship is Hasidism verses Zionism. The relationship between the two fathers and the two sons is a very important theme in this book. Because of their different backgrounds, Reb Saunders and David Malters approached raising a child from two totally different perspectives. Despite the obvious differences in the two men’s beliefs, both did what they thought was right for their sons. Reb Saunders was a Hasidic tzaddik and wanted his son to follow in his footsteps. He raised Danny in silence, hoping to teach him to listen to silence, to learn compassion, and to develop a soul to go with his mind. Unless it had to do with religious studies, Reb never had an actual conversation with Danny after the age of 3. Reb wanted Danny to find things out for himself. On the other hand, Reuven’s father, Mr. Malters, felt it very important that he had good and frequent communication between himself and his son. The two would sometimes talk for hours about life, different religions, friends and anything else Reuven woul d want to ...

Positive and negative effects of legalizing drugs on the United States economy

The perennial problem of drug abuse has always been a controversial one since questions arise whether a sovereign entity is justified in attempting to curtail personal choice in the question of whether to engage in drugs or not.Opponents of drug use argue that a state has an obligation to protect its people against destruction even though the means to such an end is voluntary since it is generally accepted in accordance to the natural laws that all people have a right to life.Proponents of drug legalization have been quick to point out that human will, cannot be suppressed and it is economically futile to attempt to do so and hence it would be in the states interest to allow those in favor of such a course to indulge without interference. However, there are several moral, health and religious factors that have hindered those in power to actually consider legalizing illegal drug use since such recourse would raise fundamental ethical issues regarding their leadership as directed by th e constitution.Reasons for legalizing drug useThere are several reasons that have led some to clamor for the legalization of drug use. Firstly there are those who feel that the question of drug use is essentially related to personal freedom and that essentially competent adults should be left to decide for themselves if they wanted to engage in self destruction or not. It is not surprising then that some have argued that by the very nature of the state restricting drug use and in addition prosecuting users, the state is contravening the very constitution created to be its guide.Secondly, the United Sates uses a lot of tax payer’s money in their fight against drug use. Enforcement agencies are forced to recruit more personnel in their mandate to find drug traffickers and drug users. These law enforcers need to be remunerated when in active service and in addition are entitled to several benefits during their active service and in their retirement.This tends to make the federal and state government to divert huge funds towards operations of these enforcers and in the wages of their personnel. This in turn leads to shortages in funds which could have been channeled to other development agendas.The economical cost of combating   drug abuse does not end with the police but goes on to necessitate more expenses to be provided for the prosecution of these individuals and also to cater for those charged with the duty of deciding the fate of these supposedly law breakers.As drug consumption increases it leads to a need to hire more prosecution personnel and to avoid a backlog of cases more magistrates are hired to listen and pass sentences. This increases a burden to the tax payers and questions arise as to whether people should essentially pay for the negative choices of competent individuals. Furthermore, most people in American correctional facilities have been put there for drug related offences.The cost of maintaining a prisoner is quite high and it is the refore economically realistic to legalize drugs as a way of reducing expenses and therefore use it as a tool of lessening the budget deficits and to provide more funds to important sectors in the economy (Goode, 97-150).The fight against drug abuse has put America at a collision course with several countries perceived to be supplying drugs to the United Sates. Legalizing drugs would end this hostility improving bilateral relations with those countries and expanding markets for American products and allow investors to work easily in those countries (Friedman, 2009).In addition legalizing drugs would allow for the investment of several billions of drug money in other businesses to help expand the economy, provide employment and reduce other crimes.

Drugs & Addiction

Drugs and Addiction Carl Jung, a Swiss psychiatrist once said: â€Å"Every form of addiction is bad, no matter whether the narcotic be alcohol, morphine or idealism. † I agree with what he said. It’s true; addiction is not only bad, it can be dangerous! Do you know how many people who take drugs die each year? According to WHO (World Health Organization), 2,000 Americans die each year from using heroin, in England, 5,000. 2,500 Americans die each year from using cocaine.Alcohol kills 80,000 Americans every year. And tobacco? Every year, tobacco kills 440,000 Americans, 1. 2 million Chinese, 900,000 Indians, 450,000 Germans, and 90,000 Britons! An addiction means being habitually or compulsively occupied with or involved in something. Some common addictions may be: coffee, drugs, gambling, stealing, food/eating, shopping, working, social media, video games, internet, etc. And how do drugs work? Drugs are chemicals or substances that change the way our bodies work.When yo u take drugs, they find their way into your bloodstream and are eventually sent to parts of your body, your brain for example. The effects of drugs can change depending on the kind of drug you take, how much is taken, how often you use it, how quickly it gets to your brain, and what other drugs, or food, are taken at the same time. Effects can also change based on the differences in body size, and weight. They can do a lot of harm to your body and brain.Drinking alcohol, smoking tobacco, and taking illegal drugs, can all cause serious damage to the human body. Drugs may numb your senses, or severely hurt your ability to make healthy choices and decisions. Perhaps you have heard of Judy Garland. At the age of 17, a year after she played Dorothy in the â€Å"Wizard of Oz†, Judy Garland was prescribed drugs to control her appetite. Soon she was under the â€Å"care† of psychiatrist Dr. Frederick Hacker, and her prescribed drugs that produced even more anxiety for the trou bled actress.In 1949 she was given electroshock and after that, hypnosis. In the fifties she suffered a dangerously swollen liver and spleen due to her drug intake, but in the sixties she was put on even more drugs. She ended up taking 40 Ritalin a day before she died of a drug overdose in 1969; she was only 47 years old. None of the dozen psychiatrists she'd seen had ever really helped her. So be aware! Say no to drugs! It all starts with just one!

Diversity Worksheet Essay

1. What is diversity? Why is diversity valued? I have learned that diversity has various different definitions but I will only focus on the Webster’s Dictionary meaning. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, diversity is â€Å"the condition of having or being composed of differing elements: Variety; especially: the inclusion of different types of people (as people of different races or cultures) in a group or organization.† To summarize this definition or make it simple, diversity is to include people from different races, religions, genders, ages, ethnicities, and cultural backgrounds all in one place. Diversity is valued because it teaches us how to accept and understand differences in people and to look beyond personal biases or emotions of language, culture, and race. It also teaches us to be more open and enhances our knowledge of all things or people that are different from us. 2. What is ethnocentrism? In what ways can ethnocentrism be detrimental to a society? Ethnocentrism is the feeling that one’s group or culture is superior to another. Ethnocentrism makes a person bias against other cultures and ethnic groups, makes a person look down on others, and makes a person feel that other cultures are inferior to their own. Furthermore, ethnocentrism can be detrimental to a society in many ways.One way is racism, which is a problem that has plagued our society for decades and has caused violence and death. Ethnocentrism has also caused war and genocide such as the Holocaust. During the time of the Holocaust, the Nazis (who were German) believed that Germans were racially superior and the Jews were inferior. This belief led to the Nazis killing a lot of Jews, disabled people, and homosexuals. In today’s society, I am not sure if ethnocentrism would go that far but it would still harm our society. It can cause more violence, discrimination, and coflicts acrtoss the world. 3. Define emigration and immigration. Emigration is to leave ones’s country permanently to live in another. Immgration is defined as coming into a new country as a permanent resident. Schaefer, R. T. states that â€Å"from Vietnam’s perspective, the â€Å"boat people† were emigrants from Vietnam to the United States, but in the United States they were counted among this nation’s immigrants.† This is how the two terms are different. 4. What are some of the ways groups of people are identified? Groups of people are identified by dominant and subordinate groups to include their race, ethnicity, religion, and gender. The racial group refers to people who are socially set apart because of physical differences. The ethic group is set apart because of their national origin or distinctive cultural patterns. The religious group is set apart because they are associated with a religion other than the dominant faith. The gender group suggests that men are the social majority and women are the minority. Finally there are other subordinate groups that people are identified by such as age, disability status, physical appearance, and sexual orientation. 5. Why do people label and group other people? I believe that some people label and group other people because this is the way they were taught. On the other hand, there are some people who label and group other people because of ignorance. For those who were brought up with prejudice, they continue to label people because it is easier to go off of what they were taught than to look up the facts on their own. Furthermore, I feel that people label and group other people in order to make themselves look good or seem superior. They want to feel as if they are better than others. Labeling and grouping people is judgemental and can easily be avoided if people would just learn other people for themselves. 6. Define culture. Is culture limited to racial and ethnic backgrounds? Explain. Culture is the beliefs, social forms, and material traigts of a race, religion, or social group. It is also the characteristic features of everyday existence shared by people in a place or time (Merriam-Webster online, 2013). Culture can refer to many areas in a society and is not only limited to racial and ethnic backgrounds. Culture can also refer to other areas such as education, business, and science.

Social environment of business

Business Power James Buchanan Duke was born on December 23rd 1856 In North Carolina. HIS father was the owner of a small factory which produced a brand of chewing tobacco named Pro Bono Public. As he became older It was time for him to take over his father's business, however the number of competition was too high. Taking a major risk, he committed his company to a then-novel product- the cigarette. Unfortunately, back in those days, cigarettes were used by people from the lower class, and they were looked down upon. In spite of this, in 1881 Duke brought 10 Russian migrant cigarette rollers to his North Carolina factory and made about 2,000 per day. Since there was no demand at first, Duke decided to use a famous actress to advertise his cigarettes on a full page newspaper ad. By that time, James Bonsais had invented a machine capable of rolling 200 cigarettes per minute, which failed. Duke saw the opportunity and signed an agreement to operate the machine. The costs of production per thousand was down to $30 from $. 80. Duke moved to New York and had the Idea to hire people to visit tobacco shops ND demand his new machine-rolled Cameo and Cross Cut brands. At one time, he even put glamour photos of semi-nude American actresses on cigarette packs in China. In fact, his cigarettes became a big hit with Chinese men due to this. After carefully observing Rockefeller conquest of the oil industry he saw that his methods could be applied to the tobacco industry. 3 In 1884, he built a holding company called the American Tobacco trust.Bye he had built the trust into a monopoly that controlled 98 percent of the domestic cigarette market and sold 2. Billion cigarettes. His method was to sell his cigarettes at full retail price to dealers which were spied on occasionally by detectives to make sure they were not selling competitors brands. Duke's method shows how much the power of commerce can Influence society. Although cigarettes are poisonous for society's health, he managed to make this product acceptable in people's eyes.There have been many studies done which proved that the use of advertisement is a very powerful tool to use with society, especially with the youth. One of the study was conducted by researchers from Dartmouth Medical School where they followed more than 5,000 Vermont and New Hampshire students ages 10 to 16 from 12 to 26 months. They found that those with higher exposure to movie alcohol use at the initial assessment were more likely to have started drinking at time of follow-up. They also found depictions of alcohol use in 92% of 601 contemporary movies, including in 52% of G-rated films. According to the Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth at Georgetown university, alcohol impasses spend nearly $2 billion every year on advertising In the united States. Between 2001 and 2007, there were more than 2 million television ads and 20,000 magazine ads for alcoholic products. 51 believe that this Is a big problem In today's societ y. People are being brainwashed by what they see on television, the Internet shown too much on media which makes it â€Å"okay† for teenagers to use them. Unfortunately, managers need to run their company and would do anything in the hope of becoming successful.

Aboriginal Residential Schooling

The Aboriginal people had their culture stripped away, without any consent but by force. They were forced to adapt their lifestyle to the normal, and children put into schools to learn how to behave like the Canadians. The Aboriginal residential schools implemented by the Canadian Government were a cause attempting to destroy their culture (Ravelli Webber, 2010, p.132). The Canadian Government wanted to get rid of all aboriginal culture with no trace of their lifestyle. There was a massive social problem due to the separation of the races. It also raised a huge racist confrontation between the Aboriginal`s and the rest of society. The Aboriginal`s were not treated with any respect or dignity, which caused them to loose respect with our Canadian Government, as they were treated like animals. The Canadian Government did not want any Aboriginal`s to grow up as they were, they did not like the way their lifestyle was, they wanted to destroy their culture. They attempted to destroy their culture in many ways, one of the most obvious methods they used were to put the young children in to residential schools (Ravelli Webber, 2010, p308). These schools taught young Aboriginal children how to live like the Canadian, they were not allowed to do anything that was related to their culture not even allowed to speak their language (Geraldine Marcuse, 1993). The children were punished if they did not follow the rules, these punishments were very abusive as well, but by doing so this enforced the children to follow the rules. These residential schools were very structured and strict. Eventually by staying in these schools, due to all the strict rules, abusive punishments, and them not being allowed to associate with their culture the Aboriginal children forgot their native language (Geraldine Marcuse, 1993). The Canadian Government obviously wanted to get rid of all Aboriginal culture. The residential schools brought up a major problems, it created an immense, massive social problem with in the Aboriginal community and the Canadian society. The young Aboriginal children were stripped away from their parents, probably never even saw them again, these children were discriminated by others and were not even allowed to speak a single word  from their native language (Ravelli Webber, 2010, p132) . As displayed in the video, the young girl that had her period out publicly was put to shame by the nuns and the other children, this caused her to be bullied and discriminated because of natural cause (Geraldine Marcuse, 1993). The video also prescribes the punishment received when the rules were broken, as the elder man describes his pain and the punishments received, he explains that these children were being separated entirely from the religion and culture, causing these children to view of their own nation as an abomination (Geraldine Marcuse, 1993). This problems cause a lot of discrimination, causing many social problems with in the community, the children did not have rights, and could not speak for themselves. This massive social issue with in the Aboriginals was created by the ongoing of the residential schools. Canadian Government might not have been too smart by creating the residential schools as they did not calculate the outcome, these residential schools brought up great vengeance to the Aboriginals they wanted their culture back, in doing so it created a racist confrontation later on. This was a huge relation with the conflict theory. The Aboriginals found a method to bring back their culture by using the method the Canadian`s did, they developed their own Aboriginal schools (Geraldine Marcuse, 1993). These schools would teach the total opposite of what the residential schools taught, these schools were teaching their young children their native language, and bits of their culture, or at least what was left of it (Ravelli Webber, 2010, p309). The difference between the Aboriginal schools and the residential schools were the rules and methods of punishment. The Aboriginals taught in a normal manner, with respect, but in the residential schools it was like prison everything was eventually forced upon. The residential schools also made the Aboriginals to grow this hate for the Canadian Government causing this huge racist dilemma between the two parties. No good really came out of residential schooling, just a very bad racist confrontation in the long run. The Canadian Government stripped all the rights of the Aboriginal people, they got their culture massacred, dealt with force and abusive power, they  practically tried to destroy the Aboriginal culture. The Canadian Government put a lot of effort in this project, they tried to change the Aboriginal people in every way, they wanted those people to behave and change their lifestyle to the modern Canadian lifestyle. The Canadian Government have attempted to destroy the Aboriginal culture by bringing up residential schooling to begin the process of elimination. The Government did not want anything that was Aboriginal culture related left, they wanted to get rid of every bit of their culture. The residential schools cause major discrimination cause a massive social problem within the Aboriginal people. These residential schools also raised a huge racist confrontation to the Aboriginals, it separated them from the rest of the society. These schools really have destroyed most of their culture, and was a very cruel method in doing so. The Aboriginals deserved to be heard and have their own rights and freedom.

Kants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Kants - Essay Example But the only thing that could be an object of respect for me is something that is conjoined with my will purely as a ground and never as a consequence, something that does not serve my inclination but overpowers† (320). From the definition above of Kant’s categorical imperative, one can see that the categorical imperative aims to test whether the reason behind an action contradicts itself if one uses a rational basis for it. Kant actually explains it in this way: â€Å"Is it a necessary law for all rational beings to judge their actions always in accordance with those maxims which they can themselves will that they should serve as universal laws?†(332). The formula has a procedure that states what one is supposed to do. It therefore clearly distinguishes between what one has to do and what one wants to do. The basis of the categorical imperative is therefore not in the necessity of the action, not in the motivation of the desire or pleasure but in the rationality of the action. For a motivation to be acceptable, it must be purely rational and its being rational is for the greater good, or for what is good to all people without any exceptions. Based on Kant’s definition of the categorical imperative, the motivation for the first case is that if the action were to be made into a universal law, then no one would say such things because one would expect the other person to say it. Thus, it would contradict itself. For the second case, the motivation should be a situation which is debt free so that it would not contradict itself. As for the third case, it is similar to the first. In short, if the motivation would be getting something in return, and if this were to be converted to a universal law, then there is no one would give anything anymore. Thus, one should wait to be that second person. For the fourth case, the motivation would be to get a good grade. However, if everyone would do this, then there would be no

Southwest Airlines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Southwest Airlines - Essay Example This paper illustrates Southwest Airlines which is considered as low cost airlines demonstrated a stable growth in the airline industry and the average growth in the number of the customers had been approximately 9%. It can be mentioned that there was high competition in the deregulated airline industry since the airline routes were competing among each other and there was rise in the low-cost carriers such as Southwest Air lines. Although it has been almost thirty years of the deregulation, the services provided by the Southwest Airlines has been satisfactory to draw on the passengers with a pleasant experience. In this period of time, a number of airlines have been losing money because of lack of adequate service and certain other reasons. However, the best part to note in this regard is that Southwest Airlines is continuing to earn profits because of its hedging programs. It is worthy of mentioning that Southwest airlines does not adopt the â€Å"hub and spoke† approach. Th e company instead tries to focus upon the short haul as well as point-to-point approach. The takeover of Transtar Airlines by Southwest Airlines in 1994 assisted the company to develop stronger edge in the market place. It can be mentioned that deregulation has allowed the companies to burgeon and has lowered the travelling cost of the air-passengers travel. One of the significant issues that Southwest Airlines faces is related to maintenance of its flights. ... Most of the policy makers had been quite worried with this which triggered the creation of the National Commission. This led to well-built competitive airline industry in the year 1993 (Morrison & Winston, 1996). Southwest Airlines which is considered as low cost airlines demonstrated a stable growth in the airline industry and the average growth in the number of the customers had been approximately 9%. It can be mentioned that there was high competition in the deregulated airline industry since the airline routes were competing among each other and there was rise in the low-cost carriers such as Southwest Air lines (US Government Printing Office, 2003). Although it has been almost thirty years of the deregulation, the services provided by the Southwest Airlines has been satisfactory to draw on the passengers with a pleasant experience. In this period of time, a number of airlines have been losing money because of lack of adequate service and certain other reasons. However, the best part to note in this regard is that Southwest Airlines is continuing to earn profits because of its hedging programs (Mallone, 2008). Business Issues Hub Strategies It is worthy of mentioning that Southwest airlines does not adopt the â€Å"hub and spoke† approach. The company instead tries to focus upon the short haul as well as point-to-point approach. The takeover of Transtar Airlines by Southwest Airlines in 1994 assisted the company to develop stronger edge in the market place. It can be mentioned that deregulation has allowed the companies to burgeon and has lowered the travelling cost of the air-passengers travel. Personnel Issues One of the significant issues that Southwest Airlines faces is related to maintenance of its flights. As

Portfolio project Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Portfolio project - Term Paper Example In 2012, the deficit in global budget narrowed down to approximately $2.7 trillion (a representation of 3.80% of the global GDP-Gross Domestic Product). However, the global economic growth shifted (dropped) to 3.10% in 2012 from 3.70% in 2011 and 5.10% in 2010 fiscal years. The global unemployment rate increased to 9.20% in 2012. Countries that used expansionary monetary and fiscal policies attained significantly increased growth rates, lower rates of unemployment, increased growth in tax revenues, and success in cutting down public debts. Countries that employment contractionary policies failed to achieve what the former countries realized. In 2012, over 85 countries with pro-growth strategy realized median Gross Domestic Product growth rates of 4.90%, compared to 0.80% realized 37 nations with restrictive monetary and fiscal policies. This represented a difference of 4%. Among the listed 85 countries with pro-growth strategy, Canada grew by 1.90%, 2.20% for the United States, 3.0% for Turkey, 3.40% for Russia, 4.0% for Mexico,, 6.0% for the Indonesia, and 7.80% for China. Among 37 countries that restricted their monetary and fiscal policies, Italy grew by -2.30%, -1.40% for Spain, -0.5% Netherlands, -0.20% Belgium, 0.10% France, 0.70% Germany, and 2.30% Brazil. These 37 countries reported unemployment rate s of 11.50%. The global financial crunch of 2008-2009 caused the first recession in international output similar to what was experienced in 1946. Thus, the globe was faced with a new challenge mainly defined by finding out what combination (mix) of monetary and fiscal policies to apply in restoring jobs and growth, while keeping debt and inflation under control. Monetary stimulus and stabilization programs initiated in 2009-2011 to lower revenues in taxes in 2009-2010; required a number of countries to employ large budget debits. New public debts were issued by treasuries – amounting to $7.6 trillion.

Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 35

Business - Essay Example The success of Apple Inc. is characterized by innovativeness, acquisitions, and product diversification. Apple Inc. is a company that has grown to a multinational with a great reputation across the world. In its path, innovation strategies, product diversification, and acquisitions have contributed greatly to its success. Apple Inc stands on the philosophy of â€Å"think different† which means the company is focused on innovation (Apple Inc, 2014). Apple has been consistent in the development of its products; they have embraced changes in several occasions hence developing products that have hit the market by storm. Another strategy the company has adopted is diversification. When the company was started, its sole mandate was to develop and sell personal computers. However, over time the company has diversified shifting from this role to that of developing and selling consumer electronics such as mobile gadgets, televisions, and iPods among others. The strategy utilized by Apple Inc is the differentiation strategy. Apple Inc. has developed various mechanisms to have a superior brand that differentiates itself from the competitors. The company’s innovativeness, leadership, and ability to embrace diversification of products characterize these strategies. In the electronic industry, Apple Inc. has created a respectable brand that people have confidence with. It has attracted technology enthusiasts and those in need of certain aspects in electronics. Creating an impressive brand promotes customers’ loyalty and presents psychological benefits to them. By remaining innovative and establishing new products that are unique from those of the competitors, the company is able to foster customer retention and hence brand loyalty. Various information systems are likely to give the company a competitive advantage over the rest. Such include the ability to use the social media platforms to market and create product awareness.

Arizona constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Arizona constitution - Essay Example However, it is an unfair process when amendments such as limiting the bail eligibility are proposed because they restrict the judicial system (McClory, 2010). This constitution gives more power to the people by giving them the right to propose and approve any changes to the constitution through the initiative process. This is where an amendment is suggested, and signatures are gathered to get to the voting stage where voters may consider and act on it. The legislature may also refer legislations to the voters for them to decide through a referendum process it to become a law. Therefore, these make the citizens able to consider their collective future without depending on their representatives and the legislature (McClory, 2010). This constitution is a populist and has a participatory spirit by including the right to amend it through the initiative and referendum process. This makes it fair enough and I think the progressive framers can approve

Littering the side of the street Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Littering the side of the street - Assignment Example Additionally, trash may harbor diseases, which can be passed to animals eating it. Also, litter may attract other litter since it tells people to continue dumping litter in the same place. Moreover, litter may turn out to be a fire hazard. Furthermore, apart from littering being bad, it just looks disgusting (â€Å"JB Green Team†). Cigarette butts are considered the main source of litter (â€Å"Keep America Beautiful†). Despite being small, they are very dangerous. Cigarette butts have harmful chemicals such as arsenic that contaminates both soil and water. Cigarette butts are also a potential fire hazard (â€Å"JB Green Team†). It simply means that cigarettes can now not only harm us when we smoke it, but even when we do not smoke it. Generally, litter prevention starts with an individual. As an individual minimizing litter may be easy, however it requires vigilance. For beginners, never throw trash from your  car, and always ensure that you tightly seal the household garbage bins so that animals do not get the contents. Also, never forget your garbage upon leaving a public space such as a park. If you smoke then consider quitting bearing in mind the impacts that cigarettes have on the environment. Furthermore, if the roadway to your home is like an asylum for litter, volunteer for a cleanup. â€Å"Litter in America: Results from the Nation’s Largest Litter Study.† Keep America Beautiful, Inc. 2010. Web. 19th April 2015.