Perceptions Of Male Nurses About Nursing Profession Nursing Essay

Perceptions Of Male Nurses About Nursing Profession Nursing Essay Nursing is feminized profession by its nature, and traditional development of its concept of caring to sick for centuries. Nursing has been stereotyped as a female dominated profession since the time of Florence Nightingale, worldwide (Yang, Gau, Shiau, Hu, Shish, 2004; Saritas, Karadag, Yildirim 2009). Before the Crimean war, men had the responsibility to provide basic care to the wounded. However, from that war to the present, nursing profession began to be dominated by female (Yang et al., 2004). Although the evolution of men into nursing profession has been increased over the past two decades, but still men constitute a small number of the nursing population. It is also noticed that women are moving into previously male dominated professions, such as medicine, law, and business, due to support provided to them to enter in men dominated professions. However, the movement of males into nursing profession is slow because of lack of attention and support given to them to enter into female dominated profession (Meadus 2000). Nursing is a profession established by women that supports the stereotypical feminine image with qualities of nurturing, and caring, in contrast to masculine characteristics of strength, aggression, and dominance (Evans, 1997; Mackintosh, 1997; Maclhail, 1996; as cited by Meadus 2000). Now the question is that, what happened when men enter in nursing profession? Mens choice of nursing as a career is likely to be colored by practical concerns, such as hand some salary, job security, chances of promotion, and family support (Anthony 2006). Furthermore, Anthony (2006) argued that caring is the crucial element of nursing and men should demonstrate caring attitudes, as they are socialized to lack of visible expression of emotions as compared to women, who display caring behaviors and open expression of emotions. In a female dominant profession, being a male faces many problems, however, studies have shown significance advantages for men in nurs ing profession, because men have potentials of high tech specialties in nursing, such as intensive care, operation abilities, and physical strength, which increase the demand of male nurses in this profession (Wang et al., 2011). Purpose of Paper The purpose of the study is to explore the perceptions of male nurses about the nursing profession. Furthermore, to identify the reasons for choosing nursing as a career, and to discover the barriers in practice, and factors that affecting male nurses practices. Research Question My research question is: What are the perceptions of male nurses about nursing profession? Search Methods The search strategy involved four electronic data bases which are; Science Direct, Pub Med, CINAHL, and Google Scholar. Key words, which were used: male nurses, nursing profession, male nurse and nursing profession, and perception of male nurses about nursing profession. General to specific strategy was followed by refining from general to specific, and filtrated according to date and key terms. The search was conducted in light of key terms as general, from 2004 to 2013, and from 2010 to 2013. Fourteen articles were found relevant to my topic. Detail given in the table attached in appendix A. Review of Literature The influx of men in nursing profession has been increased throughout the world, but still men contain very little population among nurses. Canadian Nurses Association (2005) reported 5.6 percent of the nurses in Canada were men, while the Department of Health and Human Services Health Resources and Services Administration of United States (2004) reported; men comprise 5.8 percent of the registered nurses (Twomey Meadus, 2008). There are certain barriers for men while entering in nursing profession. Males have concerns related to stereotyping and role strains, particularly in relation to patient care, as patients expecting female nurses to care for them, which cause difficulty in adjustment for men in nursing profession (Stott, 2004). Few studies have been conducted related to my research question, in which some have highlighted the perceptions of male nurses and student male nurses, and to explore the difficulties for men in nursing profession. In one of the studies, Wang et al. (2011) explored the male student nurses perceptions of the nursing profession and their learning experiences in a baccalaureate nursing program in Changsha, China. They used phenomenological approach and methodological frame work to guide their study. The study participants were fifteen male nursing students of degree program, and male nurses who were recently graduated. In depth interviews were methodology for the collection of data from the participants. Software Nvivo 8.0 was used for data analysis and six themes emerged from the data. The findings of the study revealed that out of 15 participants only one chose nursing as a key profession, while fourteen were assigned in nursing program after failure to get admission in other disciplines. The majority of participants expressed studying nursing as no other option, failure, or an error. They also felt that patients trust on doctors more than nurses, and patients prefer female nurses while giving c are and medicine to them. The participants were uncomfortable with the nursing skills and tend these skills to be feminine, and fit for female to perform. The male nurses worked in hospital with nursing staff having low level of education and they believed that the level of nursing research and practice is also very low as compared to physicians. The male students were uncomfortable in class room because of small numbers and dissatisfied from teaching activities, due to without considering of their learning needs. They have sense of inferiority while facing the society, and felt embarrassed being as a nurse. Some were not interested in bedside nursing and had goals to achieve higher education, and to get management posts. This study is contextual and cannot be generalized because it was conducted in one university and the perceptions explored were from students and novice nurses. In another study, Stott (2007) report the finding of the study that investigated the factors affecting both the academic and clinical performance of male nursing students at a regional Australian university. Descriptive, qualitative design was chosen for the study. The participants of the research were eight male nursing students of undergraduate program at university in Australia. In depth interviews and written narratives in form of diary were used for data collection, and methodology used for data analysis was thematic analysis. The results of the study revealed that male nursing students have certain problems in academic and clinical setting. Different themes were identified from interviews and narratives. The main theme emerged from the data is, sense of feeling of isolation of male students during their study, and they were in ambiguity to continue or switch off the nursing field. Few of the informants described that they felt embarrassed while performing certain skills in clin ical area, as a male. Some were worried, whether it could be possible to fulfill nursing role as caring and role model. The participants also acknowledged that nursing is a caring profession and hence, it is strongly identified with being a female. The students explored the affect of traditional role and expectation of society from them as a male. In such stereotypical views, it would cause problems for them in their practical life. These comments are similar to the findings by Wang et al. (2010) who reported the same queries raised by male nursing students. There are certain limitations in the above both studies. First, both studies were conducted in one university only. Second, the studies explored the perceptions of undergraduate students and novice nurses. These cannot represent the true image of male nurses perception about nursing profession, and hurdles which male nurses are experiencing and are facing in the real scenario. The generalizations of both studies are limited to their specific universities. Despite of certain barriers, men are entering in the female dominant profession. Now the question is that, are men nurses satisfied with their choice of career? In their study, Twomey and Meadus (2008) explore, why men choose nursing profession, barriers experiencing in their practical life, and to identify the factors of male nurses satisfaction. Descriptive study design was used to explore the opinions of sixty two registered nurses through survey. Data were collected using a self-report questionnaire developed by the authors. No reliable instrument for examining mens career choice and barriers specific to nursing was used. The findings reveal that the common purposes of becoming a nurse were job security, career opportunities, and the salary. Only nine participants chose nursing because of caring profession. Common barriers expressed was, being a male in female dominant profession were: sexual stereotypes, female oriented profession, and lack of recruitment strategies. All respond ents stated that there is lack of recruitment initiatives to consider nursing as a career of choice for men. This study has certain limitations, it cannot be generalized due to small sample size, and the study was conducted in only one province of the Canada. The questionnaire should be refined and re tested by using a large sample size. The authors also suggested that further qualitative investigation should be made to identify the career satisfaction among male nurses. Conclusion After reviewing the available literature, nursing profession is feminine in nature. Men constitute very small proportion of nurses population. Since last two decades, male entrance to nursing profession has been increased, despite of challenges face by men in academic and practical settings. It is identified that nursing is not a major career of choice for men. The literature review helped me to identify the gaps. Most of the studies are qualitative, and focused only on male student nurses perceptions towards nursing profession. There is a need to explore the perceptions of registered male nurses about nursing profession, identify the barriers that men are facing, and to elaborate the feelings of satisfaction to choose nursing as a career. Therefore, an exploratory descriptive qualitative nursing design is felt appropriate to explore the issue. Restated Research Question My modified research question after the literature review is; what are the perceptions of male nurses about nursing profession and factors affecting their practices? Philosophical Underpinning The issues of male nurses need to be addressed, as their practices would have direct negative effects on patient care and the profession as well. This study will help to explore the perceptions of male nurses about nursing profession and to identify the factors affecting their professional life. Furthermore, this study will provide a base line data for future recommendations and interventions to overcome the concerns of male nurses.

Plato’s Republic

Thrasymachus takes the cynical but honest view, that there is more benefit in plainly appearing just than there is in actual being just. He does not necessarily refer to hypocritical villains, those who deliberately nurture a veneer of a socially just man in order to reap personal benefit. He could also be referring to those who have convinced themselves that they are good, apart from society recognizing them as good. As an example of the first we could take Moliere’s Tartuffe. He has entered the household of Orgon with deliberate intent to appropriate for himself the property of his landlord. He takes note of the superficial natures of Orgon and his mother, both of them who are fond of shows of piety and uttering platitudes. He tailors his conduct exactly to please these two. He makes sure that religion is always pouring from his lips. His conduct is always immaculate in the presence of them, and he is never short of advice to the others, who hold him is various degrees of suspicion, regarding the pious and just life. Tartuffe is not only a hypocrite but also a calculating villain. He is the sort that works his way to social standing and privilege by express knowledge that the larger part of society is weak to such charms. It is easy to see that anyone in Tartuffe’s position would lose out by trying to be really just to those he encounters. The counter argument to this is that villains like Tartuffe are usually found out in the end, and therefore suffer in the long run, at the hands of the same society. For example, Tartuffe overreaches himself when he tries to seduce the wife of Orgon, while at the same time courting their daughter. When he is found out he loses the favor of Orgon, after which point he resorts to outright villainy. But when Thrasymachus argues for the appearance of virtue he also has the example of Orgon in mind. For Orgon, and even more so for his mother, the appearance of virtue is the most important thing. So important is it to them that they do not realize that they a dealing with appearances. They believe themselves to be virtuous because they abide by the rules of conventional virtue and piety. Orgon is a wealthy man, and it is clear that his wealth is derived through his ability to adapt. He has no concern whether justice is really done, but only that it should appear to be done. He is so blinded by the show of virtue of Tartuffe that he does not even suspect ulterior motives in his lodger wanting to wed his daughter. When the daughter complains he signs away his property to the lodger in a show of defiance. Of course, his blindness is the cause of his ruin in the end, which is shown for dramatic purposes. But the general argument remains, which is that the likes of Orgon prosper is society. He does enquire into true justice, and any effort in this direction would disrupt his social standing from the root. The likes of Orgon happily give charity to murderers. The vanity of giving blinds them to all other considerations. The mistake of Thrasymachus is that he considers contingent benefits and fails to arrive at a comprehensive account. To provide such an account is extremely difficult, and part of the difficulty is that the listener must have an open and enquiring mind to be able to grasp the subtleties of it. This is why Socrates (Plato) provides three different explanations of why the just life is preferable to the unjust one, and the three responses are suited to the three different attitudes of the questioners. The rich Cephalus is smug in his righteousness that he repays his debts, and that he gives to charity. He is confrontational, and therefore it is only possible to contradict his smug assertions bluntly. This is why Socrates merely asks him to consider whether the returning of a weapon to its rightful owner, a murderer, is justice. Thrasymachus is more constructive. He claims that justice is merely what the powerful impose on the weak. To this Socrates argues that all constructive activity has the powerful acting in favor of the weak, not the other way round, as Thrasymachus contends. If justice be admitted to be constructive then Thrasymachus’ is plainly wrong. The more subtle argument concerning harmony is reserved for the honest enquiries of Adeimantus and Glaucon. Justice is introduced now as a harmony in a body, where the ruling part subdues and controls the rest of the body, so that no part is in discord with another. The final notion is not easy to grasp, for it seems to imply that rulers must have complete wisdom in order to rule, for only with complete wisdom will they be infused with the sense of harmony that is required to effect justice. As a first example we take a football team. The manager of the team is the ruling part of this body. If he can effect harmony here, between all the players, and each of them with himself, then the team will win consistently. But this very success is bound to bring problems. If the team is so good that it never loses, then after a point the players lose motivation, they become complacent. Only after a few bad losses are they able to regain their efficient level again. Complacency, however, is the least evil. Success brings in its train a plethora of evils, all capable of disrupting the harmony. The players begin to nurture big egos and there are personality clashes. In dire circumstances they had all stuck together; but with success even the manager is not beyond reproach anymore. Faced with all these problems the manager becomes more and more dictatorial rather than wise, and this in itself is a cause for disruption. The same is true of any organization. A company starting from scratch is fired with a zeal that is conducive to harmony amongst its employees. But we cannot call such a company absolutely harmonious before it begins to reap enormous profits, because harmony must be equated with success. We are applying the word â€Å"harmony† in the strict sense here, meaning that something in harmony cannot have discordant parts. A company that in unprofitable is not in harmony. Only when it has reached the very top of the field can we begin to harbor such notions as perfect harmony. Then again, the higher is aspires the less and less is management able to maintain harmony. Managers themselves start to look after their own instead of the interests of the business. And so we observe in real life that managers award themselves huge pay packets even when the business is floundering. The arguments of Socrates are always in favor of universals and opposed to particulars. Particular justice, or particular virtue, will not always make sense, but this is only because the all-encompassing or universal picture evades us. Socrates confesses that he does not know what justice is, or what virtue is, or what truth is. To know these would mean having a universal idea in the mind, which is not possible. If the arguments of Socrates mean anything, they are means by which one comes to believe in the universal ideal, becomes convinced that it exists. And so one must not despair if injustice or untruth appears to have the upper hand. Skeptics may easily cast doubt on the existence of universals. They might argue along the lines that we have no experience of universals. That all experience is particular and contingent, and that it is pedantic to introduce the notion of universals. They might say that all justice is merely a point of view. Different cultures evolve with different notions of justice, and this is the principle reason why nations go to war with each other, to fight for a particular notion of justice, or for certain ideas about beauty. The skeptics might argue that if there was a universal idea of justice then it would have been discovered by now and nations would live in peace. In response to such arguments Plato would emphasize existence. For example, people use the word â€Å"table† in everyday discourse. It doesn’t seem to spread confusion, but instead facilitates understanding. But this is strange, because there is no standard table in the world. All tables are different from each other. This difference is a source of confusion. And yet people from diverse cultures and diverse walks of life get away by simply mentioning the word â€Å"table†, and things are immediately clear to all parties as to what is being said. Such fluent communication would be impossible if not every mention of â€Å"table† was referring to a standard. And if this standard does not exist in the material world, then it surely exists transcendentally, something which Plato calls the world of ideals. We could not imagine the ideal table, for every effort in this direction would spring up a particular table. But it is an overwhelming certainty that we have language and communication, in the place of confusion and chaos. This is how Plato confirms the existence of universals. What is true of the word â€Å"table† is also true of the notions of justice, virtue and beauty. People hold relative notions of these, not only between cultures, but also between individuals of the same culture. The skeptics point to a cacophony in such matters, but they can never identify chaos. If difference was the norm, and no standard had ever prevailed, we must judge that there has been time enough for all structure to break down. But what we see in human society is miraculous as it is. The most miraculous structure of them all is the Republic. People can always find fault in the way the state is run. But if they could see things plainly, free from every sort of bias, they could not help marvel at the very existence of the Republic. It is a place where individuals meet with common notions of justice, virtue and beauty. So the existence of the state is a testimony that universal justice exists, as do universal virtue and universal beauty. Plato uses the existence of the Republic to prove that universal justice exists, and that the just life is preferable to the unjust one. Plato’s Republic Thrasymachus takes the cynical but honest view, that there is more benefit in plainly appearing just than there is in actual being just. He does not necessarily refer to hypocritical villains, those who deliberately nurture a veneer of a socially just man in order to reap personal benefit. He could also be referring to those who have convinced themselves that they are good, apart from society recognizing them as good. As an example of the first we could take Moliere’s Tartuffe. He has entered the household of Orgon with deliberate intent to appropriate for himself the property of his landlord. He takes note of the superficial natures of Orgon and his mother, both of them who are fond of shows of piety and uttering platitudes. He tailors his conduct exactly to please these two. He makes sure that religion is always pouring from his lips. His conduct is always immaculate in the presence of them, and he is never short of advice to the others, who hold him is various degrees of suspicion, regarding the pious and just life. Tartuffe is not only a hypocrite but also a calculating villain. He is the sort that works his way to social standing and privilege by express knowledge that the larger part of society is weak to such charms. It is easy to see that anyone in Tartuffe’s position would lose out by trying to be really just to those he encounters. The counter argument to this is that villains like Tartuffe are usually found out in the end, and therefore suffer in the long run, at the hands of the same society. For example, Tartuffe overreaches himself when he tries to seduce the wife of Orgon, while at the same time courting their daughter. When he is found out he loses the favor of Orgon, after which point he resorts to outright villainy. But when Thrasymachus argues for the appearance of virtue he also has the example of Orgon in mind. For Orgon, and even more so for his mother, the appearance of virtue is the most important thing. So important is it to them that they do not realize that they a dealing with appearances. They believe themselves to be virtuous because they abide by the rules of conventional virtue and piety. Orgon is a wealthy man, and it is clear that his wealth is derived through his ability to adapt. He has no concern whether justice is really done, but only that it should appear to be done. He is so blinded by the show of virtue of Tartuffe that he does not even suspect ulterior motives in his lodger wanting to wed his daughter. When the daughter complains he signs away his property to the lodger in a show of defiance. Of course, his blindness is the cause of his ruin in the end, which is shown for dramatic purposes. But the general argument remains, which is that the likes of Orgon prosper is society. He does enquire into true justice, and any effort in this direction would disrupt his social standing from the root. The likes of Orgon happily give charity to murderers. The vanity of giving blinds them to all other considerations. The mistake of Thrasymachus is that he considers contingent benefits and fails to arrive at a comprehensive account. To provide such an account is extremely difficult, and part of the difficulty is that the listener must have an open and enquiring mind to be able to grasp the subtleties of it. This is why Socrates (Plato) provides three different explanations of why the just life is preferable to the unjust one, and the three responses are suited to the three different attitudes of the questioners. The rich Cephalus is smug in his righteousness that he repays his debts, and that he gives to charity. He is confrontational, and therefore it is only possible to contradict his smug assertions bluntly. This is why Socrates merely asks him to consider whether the returning of a weapon to its rightful owner, a murderer, is justice. Thrasymachus is more constructive. He claims that justice is merely what the powerful impose on the weak. To this Socrates argues that all constructive activity has the powerful acting in favor of the weak, not the other way round, as Thrasymachus contends. If justice be admitted to be constructive then Thrasymachus’ is plainly wrong. The more subtle argument concerning harmony is reserved for the honest enquiries of Adeimantus and Glaucon. Justice is introduced now as a harmony in a body, where the ruling part subdues and controls the rest of the body, so that no part is in discord with another. The final notion is not easy to grasp, for it seems to imply that rulers must have complete wisdom in order to rule, for only with complete wisdom will they be infused with the sense of harmony that is required to effect justice. As a first example we take a football team. The manager of the team is the ruling part of this body. If he can effect harmony here, between all the players, and each of them with himself, then the team will win consistently. But this very success is bound to bring problems. If the team is so good that it never loses, then after a point the players lose motivation, they become complacent. Only after a few bad losses are they able to regain their efficient level again. Complacency, however, is the least evil. Success brings in its train a plethora of evils, all capable of disrupting the harmony. The players begin to nurture big egos and there are personality clashes. In dire circumstances they had all stuck together; but with success even the manager is not beyond reproach anymore. Faced with all these problems the manager becomes more and more dictatorial rather than wise, and this in itself is a cause for disruption. The same is true of any organization. A company starting from scratch is fired with a zeal that is conducive to harmony amongst its employees. But we cannot call such a company absolutely harmonious before it begins to reap enormous profits, because harmony must be equated with success. We are applying the word â€Å"harmony† in the strict sense here, meaning that something in harmony cannot have discordant parts. A company that in unprofitable is not in harmony. Only when it has reached the very top of the field can we begin to harbor such notions as perfect harmony. Then again, the higher is aspires the less and less is management able to maintain harmony. Managers themselves start to look after their own instead of the interests of the business. And so we observe in real life that managers award themselves huge pay packets even when the business is floundering. The arguments of Socrates are always in favor of universals and opposed to particulars. Particular justice, or particular virtue, will not always make sense, but this is only because the all-encompassing or universal picture evades us. Socrates confesses that he does not know what justice is, or what virtue is, or what truth is. To know these would mean having a universal idea in the mind, which is not possible. If the arguments of Socrates mean anything, they are means by which one comes to believe in the universal ideal, becomes convinced that it exists. And so one must not despair if injustice or untruth appears to have the upper hand. Skeptics may easily cast doubt on the existence of universals. They might argue along the lines that we have no experience of universals. That all experience is particular and contingent, and that it is pedantic to introduce the notion of universals. They might say that all justice is merely a point of view. Different cultures evolve with different notions of justice, and this is the principle reason why nations go to war with each other, to fight for a particular notion of justice, or for certain ideas about beauty. The skeptics might argue that if there was a universal idea of justice then it would have been discovered by now and nations would live in peace. In response to such arguments Plato would emphasize existence. For example, people use the word â€Å"table† in everyday discourse. It doesn’t seem to spread confusion, but instead facilitates understanding. But this is strange, because there is no standard table in the world. All tables are different from each other. This difference is a source of confusion. And yet people from diverse cultures and diverse walks of life get away by simply mentioning the word â€Å"table†, and things are immediately clear to all parties as to what is being said. Such fluent communication would be impossible if not every mention of â€Å"table† was referring to a standard. And if this standard does not exist in the material world, then it surely exists transcendentally, something which Plato calls the world of ideals. We could not imagine the ideal table, for every effort in this direction would spring up a particular table. But it is an overwhelming certainty that we have language and communication, in the place of confusion and chaos. This is how Plato confirms the existence of universals. What is true of the word â€Å"table† is also true of the notions of justice, virtue and beauty. People hold relative notions of these, not only between cultures, but also between individuals of the same culture. The skeptics point to a cacophony in such matters, but they can never identify chaos. If difference was the norm, and no standard had ever prevailed, we must judge that there has been time enough for all structure to break down. But what we see in human society is miraculous as it is. The most miraculous structure of them all is the Republic. People can always find fault in the way the state is run. But if they could see things plainly, free from every sort of bias, they could not help marvel at the very existence of the Republic. It is a place where individuals meet with common notions of justice, virtue and beauty. So the existence of the state is a testimony that universal justice exists, as do universal virtue and universal beauty. Plato uses the existence of the Republic to prove that universal justice exists, and that the just life is preferable to the unjust one.

Essay on Millau Viaduct Project Management - 2076 Words

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We Need More Money ! - 1316 Words

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Money can solve almost all of our problems and help us forRead MoreIs It A Good Than A Better Job Than The Sons Of The Light? Essay1688 Words   |  7 Pagesthen, should think more about using their resources in the best manner possible—though, of course, they should refrain from doing so dishonestly. Conclusion (16:10-12) This section encourages us to be faithful with what God has given us. As Christians we are not to simply ignore the impact of money, or care nothing of how we handle it (which may be tempting when we understand that it has not eternal value), instead, we are still to be careful with our money, think ahead about what we do with it, andRead MoreDoes Money Bring Happiness?1338 Words   |  6 PagesDoes Money Bring Happiness? This often quoted phrase is so overused and jaded that even though we know that it is true, we tend to ignore it. 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Developing a monthly spending plan is one of the most important stepsRead MoreHow Does Sports Affect The Sports World?915 Words   |  4 Pagespampered individuals that we see today. They were guys who went on the road for weeks on end and played injured and beaten down. I think when we ask ourselves the question, â€Å"Did the introduction of more money and power change the sports world?† I think that would be answered with an absolute yes. The real question is, how did it change us? Gender, Race, and Ethnicity and Sports Going back to the beginning. If we look at professional sports early on in the 20th century we see a grossly different pictureRead MoreBenefits Of Space Exploration900 Words   |  4 Pagesmr mcgowan today i will be talking about how space exploration is a waste of money. Why do we need to waste our money to find out if there is water on Mars or not? We could be spending all that money on beneficial things like finding a cure for cancer or feeding the starving millions around the globe, the needs of humanity should always be our first priority so I strongly agree that space exploration is a waste of money. In this essay, I will be stating why space exploration gives us no direct benefitRead MoreThe Need for Capital Protection1064 Words   |  5 PagesTHE NEED FOR CAPITAL PROTECTION. BY- SANKET L. CHARKHA ; MBA,M.PHIL,M.COM,DFA., PUNE. There is an old story about Mulla and his friend. The friend hides his bag of gold coins in a small pit in the garden. Every other day , he digs it up and counts the coins. One fine day, he runs back to Mulla and report that the bag has been stolen and was missing in the pit. Mulla tell him in his characteristic style How does it Matter? You werent using that money anyway. many of us like to treat our money